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Essential Fish Habitat
Essential Fish Habitat (EFH) was defined by the U. S i9000. Congress in the 1996 amendments to the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Preservation and Management Act, or Magnuson-Stevens Act, as "those waters and substrate needed to fish for spawning, breeding, feeding or growth to maturity. "|1| Putting into action regulations clarified that oceans include all aquatic areas and their physical, chemical, and biological properties; substrate involves the associated biological organizations that make these areas suited to fish habitats, and the description and identification of EFH should include habitats used at any time during the species' life pattern.|2| EFH comes with all types of aquatic habitat, such as wetlands, coral reefs, yellow sand, seagrasses, and rivers.|3|
NOAA Fisheries works with the regional fishery management councils to designate EFH using the best available scientific data. EFH has been described for more than a 1, 000 managed species to date.|4| The main purpose of EFH regulations is always to minimize the adverse effects of fishing and non sportfishing impacts on EFH towards the maximum extent practicable.
In 1996, the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Action was amended to establish a fresh requirements to identify and explain EFH to protect, conserve and enhance EFH for the main advantage of the fisheries.|5| The Magnuson-Stevens Act offers jurisdiction over the management and conservation of marine fish species. Federal agencies need to consult with NOAA Fisheries when ever their actions or actions may adversely affect environment identified by federal territorial fishery management councils or perhaps NOAA Fisheries as EFH.|6| On January 19, 1997, interim final rules were published in the Federal Register (Vol. over 60, No . 244) which identify procedures for implementation of the EFH provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.|7| These kinds of rules were amended by publication of final rules on January 17, 2002 (Vol. 67, No . 12).|8| he rules, in two subparts, address requirements for fishery management strategy (FMP) amendment, and details the coordination, consultation, and recommendation requirements of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.
Affects from certain fishing procedures and coastal and marine development and may alter, destruction, or destroy habitats necessary for fish. NOAA Fisheries, the regional fishery management councils (FMCs), and other federal companies work together to minimize these threats.|13| Congress has established councils to classify unfavorable impacts on fishes in relation to types of fishing gear, seaside developments and nonpoint and point source pollution, and, evaluating how well each fishery is managed. The FMCs, with assistance from NOAA Fisheries, has delineated EFH for federally managed varieties. As new FMPs happen to be developed, EFH for recently managed species will also be described.|14| FMPs must describe and identify EFH for the fishery, decrease to the extent practicable the adverse effects of fishing about EFH, and identify various other actions to encourage the conservation and enhancement of EFH.
Through consultations, NOAA Fisheries can suggest ways federal agencies can avoid or minimize the adverse effects of their actions for the habitat of federally supervised commercial and recreational fisheries.|16| Federal action agencies which fund, support, or carry out activities which may adversely affect EFH are required to consult with NOAA Fisheries.|17| The federal action agency must provide NOAA Fisheries with an evaluation of all actions or suggested actions authorized, funded, or undertaken by the agency that may adversely affect EFH.|18| Then NOAA Fisheries will provide the federal action agency with EFH Conservation recommendations.|19| These Conservation Recommendations provide information on keep away from, minimize, mitigate, or counteract those adverse effects.|20| Federal action agencies must provide a written explanation to NOAA Fisheries if some of these recommendations have not been adopted.|21| NOAA Fisheries must also include measures to minimize the adverse effects of fishing gear and fishing actions on EFH as well.|22| In addition , NOAA The fishing industry and the FMCs may discuss and make recommendations to the state agency on their activities which may affect EFH.|23|
Most consultations are done in the NMFS regional offices: Better Atlantic Regional Fisheries Office (GARFO), Southeast Regional Business office (SERO), West Coast Regional Office (WCRO), Alaska Regional Office (AKRO), and Pacific Islands Regional Office (PIRO). National consultations spanning multiple regions can be done at NOAA Fisheries Headquarters.
State firms and private landowners are not necessary to consult with NMFS. EFH meetings are required if the federal government provides authorized, funded, or undertaken part or all of a proposed activity, and if the action will adversely impact EFH.|24| Adversely affecting EFH includes immediate or indirect physical, chemical or biological alterations on the waters or substrate and loss of, or injury to species and their habitat, and other ecosystem components, or reduction from the quality and/or quantity of EFH.
Home areas of particular concern or HAPCs are considered high goal areas for conservation, managing, and research.|26| HAPCs are subsets of EFH that merit special attention because they meet in least one of the following four criteria:
provide important ecological function;
are sensitive to environmental degradation;
include a home type that is/will become stressed by development;
add a habitat type that is unusual.|27|
Current HAPCs consist of important habitats like estuaries, canopy kelp, corals, seagrass, and rocky reefs, between other areas of interest. HAPCs are afforded the same regulatory coverage as EFH and do not exclude activities from occurring inside the area, such as fishing, diving, swimming or surfing.
Essential Fish Habitat is chosen for all federally managed seafood under the MSA whereas Crucial Habitat is designated intended for the survival and recovery of species listed because threatened or endangered underneath the Endangered Species Act (ESA).|29| Critical refuge include areas occupied by the threatened or endangered varieties that include physical and organic features that are essential to the conservation of the species.|30| Critical Habitat is designated as critical at the time a species is listed underneath the ESA.|31| EFH and Critical Habitat are very different in terms of designation and regulations, but they may overlap for many species such as salmon.|32|
Home characteristics include sediment type, type of bottoms (sand, silt and clay), structures underlying the water surface, and aquatic community structures. These case are essential for fish and ecosystem health. The fundamental home structure begins with gunk. Erosion is stabilized simply by submerged aquatic vegetation. There are two main types of bottoms, hard and delicate.|33| A study by Christensen at el. (2004) looked at three bottom natural environment types (vegetated marsh advantage, submerged aquatic vegetation, and shallow non-vegetated bottom) with regards to juvenile brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus). The results from the research showed that brown prawn selected vegetated areas in salinities 15-25 ppt and would select vegetated areas over marsh edges every time they co-occurred. Finding the areas that had the highest abundance helped to identify EFH of teenage brown shrimp.|34|
Hard bottom also known as coral reefs or live bottom supplies hard complex vertical structure for attachment of sponges, seaweed, and coral, which often support a diverse reef seafood community.|35| This kind of community can comprise invertebra, coral, hard coral, bryozoans, ploychaete worms, tunicates, a number of fin-fishes, alga, and a sponge. Areas of compacted or sheered mud and sediment are a form of hard bottom.|36|
Soft bottom consists of unconsolidated sediment and unvegetated areas. In some regions soft underside are not protected even though they are often primary nursery areas, anadromous fish spawning areas, and anadromous nursery areas. Qualities that affect soft lower side in relation to organisms that use them include sediment feed size, salinity, dissolved breathable oxygen and flow.
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