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Essential Fish Habitat
Essential Fish Habitat (EFH) was defined by the U. S. Congress in the 1996 amendments to the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Resource efficiency and Management Act, or Magnuson-Stevens Act, as "those waters and substrate needed to fish for spawning, breeding, nourishing or growth to maturity. "|1| Employing regulations clarified that oceans include all aquatic areas and their physical, chemical, and biological properties; substrate contains the associated biological areas that make these areas ideal for fish habitats, and the information and identification of EFH should include habitats used without notice during the species' life pattern.|2| EFH includes all types of aquatic habitat, including wetlands, coral reefs, sand, seagrasses, and rivers.|3|
NOAA Fisheries works with the regional fishery management councils to designate EFH making use of the best available scientific information. EFH has been described for more than a 1, 000 managed varieties to date.|4| The key purpose of EFH regulations is usually to minimize the adverse effects of fishing and non fishing impacts on EFH to the maximum extent practicable.
In 1996, the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act was amended to establish a new requirements to identify and identify EFH to protect, conserve and enhance EFH for the advantage of the fisheries.|5| The Magnuson-Stevens Act provides jurisdiction over the management and conservation of marine seafood species. Federal agencies need to consult with NOAA Fisheries when their actions or activities may adversely affect home identified by federal regional fishery management councils or perhaps NOAA Fisheries as EFH.|6| On 12 , 19, 1997, interim last rules were published in the Federal Register (Vol. 62, No . 244) which designate procedures for implementation of the EFH provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.|7| These types of rules were amended by publication of final rules in January 17, 2002 (Vol. 67, No . 12).|8| he rules, in two subparts, address requirements for fishery management approach (FMP) amendment, and aspect the coordination, consultation, and recommendation requirements of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.
Influences from certain fishing methods and coastal and submarine development and may alter, destruction, or destroy habitats necessary for fish. NOAA Fisheries, the regional fishery management councils (FMCs), and other federal agencies work together to minimize these hazards.|13| Congress has established councils to classify unfavorable influences on fishes in relation to types of fishing gear, coastal developments and nonpoint and point source pollution, along with, evaluating how well every single fishery is managed. The FMCs, with assistance from NOAA Fisheries, has delineated EFH for federally managed varieties. As new FMPs are developed, EFH for newly managed species will also be described.|14| FMPs need to describe and identify EFH for the fishery, reduce to the extent practicable the adverse effects of fishing on EFH, and identify various other actions to encourage the conservation and enhancement of EFH.
Through consultations, NOAA Fisheries can recommend ways federal agencies can avoid or minimize the adverse effects of their actions within the habitat of federally handled commercial and recreational fisheries.|16| Federal actions agencies which fund, support, or carry out activities which may adversely affect EFH are required to consult with NOAA Fisheries.|17| The federal actions agency must provide NOAA Fisheries with an diagnosis of all actions or offered actions authorized, funded, or perhaps undertaken by the agency that may adversely affect EFH.|18| Then NOAA Fisheries will provide the federal action agency with EFH Resource efficiency recommendations.|19| These kinds of Conservation Recommendations provide information on keep away from, minimize, mitigate, or balance those adverse effects.|20| Federal action agencies must provide a written explanation to NOAA Fisheries if any of these recommendations have not been used.|21| NOAA The fishing industry must also include measures to minimize the adverse effects of reef fishing gear and fishing actions on EFH as well.|22| In addition , NOAA Fisheries and the FMCs may comment on and make recommendations to any state agency on their actions which may affect EFH.|23|
Most consultations are done in the NMFS regional offices: Greater Atlantic Regional Fisheries Business office (GARFO), Southeast Regional Workplace (SERO), West Coast Territorial Office (WCRO), Alaska Territorial Office (AKRO), and Pacific cycles Islands Regional Office (PIRO). National consultations spanning multiple regions can be done at NOAA Fisheries Headquarters.
State firms and private landowners are not necessary to consult with NMFS. EFH services are required if the federal government has authorized, funded, or performed part or all of a proposed activity, and if the action will adversely influence EFH.|24| Badly affecting EFH includes direct or indirect physical, chemical substance or biological alterations in the waters or substrate and loss of, or injury to types and their habitat, and other ecosystem components, or reduction with the quality and/or quantity of EFH.
Natural environment areas of particular concern or perhaps HAPCs are considered high top priority areas for conservation, management, and research.|26| HAPCs are subsets of EFH that merit work because they meet in least one of the following some criteria:
provide important ecological function;
are sensitive to environmental degradation;
include a habitat type that is/will be stressed by development;
incorporate a habitat type that is uncommon.|27|
Current HAPCs consist of important habitats like estuaries, canopy kelp, corals, seagrass, and rocky reefs, among other areas of interest. HAPCs happen to be afforded the same regulatory protection as EFH and do not leave out activities from occurring inside the area, such as fishing, snorkeling, swimming or surfing.
Necessary Fish Habitat is selected for all federally managed seafood under the MSA whereas Essential Habitat is designated for the survival and restoration of species listed since threatened or endangered underneath the Endangered Species Act (ESA).|29| Critical habitats include areas occupied by the threatened or endangered variety that include physical and organic features that are essential to the conservation of the species.|30| Critical Habitat is designated as critical at the time a species is listed underneath the ESA.|31| EFH and Critical Habitat will vary in terms of designation and control, but they may overlap for several species such as salmon.|32|
Environment characteristics include sediment type, type of bottoms (sand, silt and clay), structures base the water surface, and marine community structures. These g?te are essential for fish and ecosystem health. The fundamental environment structure begins with sediment. Erosion is stabilized by submerged aquatic vegetation. You will discover two main types of bottoms, hard and gentle.|33| A study by simply Christensen at el. (2004) looked at three bottom environment types (vegetated marsh edge, submerged aquatic vegetation, and shallow non-vegetated bottom) pertaining to juvenile brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus). The results from the analysis showed that brown shrimp selected vegetated areas in salinities 15-25 ppt and so they would select vegetated areas over marsh edges when they co-occurred. Finding the areas that had the highest abundance helped to identify EFH of teenage brown shrimp.|34|
Hard bottom also known as coral reefs or live bottom supplies hard complex vertical framework for attachment of sponges, seaweed, and coral, which in turn support a diverse reef seafood community.|35| This kind of community can comprise invertebra, coral, hard coral, bryozoans, ploychaete worms, tunicates, a range of fin-fishes, alga, and a dry sponge. Areas of compacted or sheered mud and sediment also are a form of hard bottom.|36|
Soft bottom consists of unconsolidated sediment and unvegetated areas. In some regions soft feet are not protected even though they are often primary nursery areas, anadromous fish spawning areas, and anadromous nursery areas. Characteristics that affect soft bottom in relation to organisms that employ them include sediment grain size, salinity, dissolved air and flow.
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