fish sandwich | dragon ball z fish
Essential Fish Habitat
Imperative Fish Habitat (EFH) was defined by the U. S. Congress in the 1996 changes to the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, or perhaps Magnuson-Stevens Act, as "those waters and substrate essential to fish for spawning, breeding, nourishing or growth to maturity. "|1| Implementing regulations clarified that marine environments include all aquatic areas and their physical, chemical, and biological properties; substrate contains the associated biological residential areas that make these areas suitable for fish habitats, and the description and identification of EFH should include habitats used at any time during the species' life pattern.|2| EFH involves all types of aquatic habitat, such as wetlands, coral reefs, yellow sand, seagrasses, and rivers.|3|
NOAA Fisheries works with the regional fishery management local authorities to designate EFH using the best available scientific facts. EFH has been described for over a 1, 000 managed species to date.|4| The primary purpose of EFH regulations should be to minimize the adverse effects of fishing and non reef fishing impacts on EFH towards the maximum extent practicable.
In 1996, the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act was amended to establish a new requirements to identify and express EFH to protect, conserve and enhance EFH for the benefit of the fisheries.|5| The Magnuson-Stevens Act has jurisdiction over the management and conservation of marine fish species. Federal agencies need to consult with NOAA Fisheries the moment their actions or activities may adversely affect an environment identified by federal local fishery management councils or perhaps NOAA Fisheries as EFH.|6| On December 19, 1997, interim final rules were published in the Federal Register (Vol. 62, No . 244) which identify procedures for implementation on the EFH provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.|7| These kinds of rules were amended by publication of final rules about January 17, 2002 (Vol. 67, No . 12).|8| he rules, in two subparts, address requirements for fishery management program (FMP) amendment, and aspect the coordination, consultation, and recommendation requirements of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.
Influences from certain fishing practices and coastal and marine development and may alter, destruction, or destroy habitats important for fish. NOAA Fisheries, the regional fishery management councils (FMCs), and other federal companies work together to minimize these threats.|13| Congress has created councils to classify unfavorable impacts on fishes in relation to types of fishing gear, seaside developments and nonpoint and point source pollution, as well as, evaluating how well each fishery is managed. The FMCs, with assistance from NOAA Fisheries, has delineated EFH for federally managed kinds. As new FMPs will be developed, EFH for recently managed species will also be described.|14| FMPs must describe and identify EFH for the fishery, reduce to the extent practicable the adverse effects of fishing on EFH, and identify different actions to encourage the conservation and enhancement of EFH.
Through consultations, NOAA Fisheries can recommend ways federal agencies may avoid or minimize the adverse effects of their actions around the habitat of federally maintained commercial and recreational fisheries.|16| Federal actions agencies which fund, license, or carry out activities that may adversely affect EFH are required to consult with NOAA Fisheries.|17| The federal actions agency must provide NOAA Fisheries with an examination of all actions or offered actions authorized, funded, or perhaps undertaken by the agency which may adversely affect EFH.|18| Then NOAA The fishing industry will provide the federal action agency with EFH Conservation recommendations.|19| These types of Conservation Recommendations provide information on steer clear of, minimize, mitigate, or offset those adverse effects.|20| Federal action agencies must provide a written explanation to NOAA Fisheries if these recommendations have not been followed.|21| NOAA The fishing industry must also include measures to minimize the adverse effects of fishing gear and fishing activities on EFH as well.|22| In addition , NOAA Fisheries and the FMCs may touch upon and make recommendations to the state agency on their actions which may affect EFH.|23|
Most consultations are done inside the NMFS regional offices: Higher Atlantic Regional Fisheries Business office (GARFO), Southeast Regional Office (SERO), West Coast Territorial Office (WCRO), Alaska Regional Office (AKRO), and Ocean Islands Regional Office (PIRO). National consultations spanning multiple regions can be done at NOAA Fisheries Headquarters.
State businesses and private landowners are not required to consult with NMFS. EFH consultation services are required if the federal government provides authorized, funded, or undertaken part or all of a proposed activity, and if the action will adversely impact EFH.|24| Negatively affecting EFH includes immediate or indirect physical, substance or biological alterations from the waters or substrate and loss of, or injury to species and their habitat, and other environment components, or reduction on the quality and/or quantity of EFH.
An environment areas of particular concern or perhaps HAPCs are considered high top priority areas for conservation, management, and research.|26| HAPCs are subsets of EFH that merit work because they meet by least one of the following four criteria:
provide important ecological function;
are sensitive to environmental degradation;
include a environment type that is/will end up being stressed by development;
will include a habitat type that is rare.|27|
Current HAPCs include important habitats like estuaries, canopy kelp, corals, seagrass, and rocky reefs, between other areas of interest. HAPCs are afforded the same regulatory coverage as EFH and do not rule out activities from occurring inside the area, such as fishing, diving, swimming or surfing.
Imperative Fish Habitat is specified for all federally managed fish under the MSA whereas Vital Habitat is designated to get the survival and recovery of species listed since threatened or endangered beneath the Endangered Species Act (ESA).|29| Critical g?te include areas occupied by threatened or endangered types that include physical and scientific features that are essential to the conservation of the species.|30| Critical Habitat can be designated as critical at the time a species is listed within the ESA.|31| EFH and Critical Habitat are very different in terms of designation and legislation, but they may overlap for many species such as salmon.|32|
Habitat characteristics include sediment type, type of bottoms (sand, silt and clay), structures base the water surface, and marine community structures. These habitats are essential for fish and ecosystem health. The fundamental habitat structure begins with crud. Erosion is stabilized by submerged aquatic vegetation. You will discover two main types of bottoms, hard and gentle.|33| A study by simply Christensen at el. (2004) looked at three bottom home types (vegetated marsh advantage, submerged aquatic vegetation, and shallow non-vegetated bottom) in terms of juvenile brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus). The results from the research showed that brown shrimp selected vegetated areas in salinities 15-25 ppt and they would select vegetated areas over marsh edges whenever they co-occurred. Finding the areas that had the highest abundance helped to identify EFH of juvenile brown shrimp.|34|
Hard bottom also known as coral reefs or live bottom delivers hard complex vertical structure for attachment of a sponge, seaweed, and coral, which often support a diverse reef seafood community.|35| This community can comprise invertebra, coral, hard coral, bryozoans, ploychaete worms, tunicates, a number of fin-fishes, alga, and sponges. Areas of compacted or sheered mud and sediment also are a form of hard bottom.|36|
Soft bottom consists of unconsolidated sediment and unvegetated areas. In some regions soft bottoms are not protected even though they can be primary nursery areas, anadromous fish spawning areas, and anadromous nursery areas. Attributes that affect soft lower side in relation to organisms that make use of them include sediment feed size, salinity, dissolved breathable oxygen and flow.
Comments
Post a Comment